Advancement in Science and Technology, development of other systems of medicine and gaining world-wide recognition of Āyurveda needs us to think out of the box to develop new Instruments and Equipments for Pañcakarma following the golden rules laid in our classical texts. In Caraka Saṃhitā Sūtrasthāna Upakalpanīyam Adhyāya Caraka has described about Hospital building, treatment rooms, collection of various materials elaborately. He explains how and where a hospital building should be constructed.
दृढं निवातं प्रवातैकदेशं सुखप्रविचारमनुपत्यकं धूमातपजलरजसामनभिगमनीयमनिष्ठानां च शब्दस्पर्शरसरूपगन्धानां सोदपानोदूखलमुसलवर्चःस्थानस्नानभूमिमहानसं वास्तुविद्याकुशलः प्रशस्तं गृहमेव तावत् पूर्वमुपकल्पयेत्||[i]
There should be enough willing and skillful attendants for various purposes like cooking, bathing, massaging, lifting, seating of the patients and also for grinding of drugs. Caraka has also enumerated many birds, animals including cows to be kept here for serving various purposes.
There should be provision for
Arrangements should be done for beddings, seating etc. Bed sheet, Towel, Pillow and cushion should be kept there so as to facilitate lying flat, sitting, oleation, sudation, massage, unction, emesis, purgation, Asthāpana and Anuvāsana Basti, Nasya etc.
Other materials to be collected inside include Śastra, Dhūmanetra, Basti Netra, Uttarabasti Netra, scales and measuring instruments, Ghṛta, Taila, Vasā, Majjā, Mākṣika, Phāṇita, Saindhava, different kinds of Madya, milk preparations, Dhānyāmla, Ṣāṣṭika, Mudga, Māṣa, Yava, Tila, Kulattha, Badara, Mṛdvīkā, Kāśmarya, Parūṣaka, Triphala and other drugs employed in the Pañcakarma procedures.
………………नानाविधानि च स्नेहस्वेदोपकरणानि द्रव्याणि, तथैवोर्ध्वहरानुलोमिकोभयभाञ्जि, सङ्ग्रहणीयदीपनीयपाचनीयोपशमनीयवातहरादिसमाख्यातानि चौषधानि……[ii]
There is detailed explanation regarding the Snehana Yantras, the Droṇī, Dhārā Pātra etc.. in Dhārā Kalpa.
Droṇī should be made of the heartwood of any of the below trees
प्लक्षोदुम्बरगन्धसारवरणन्य्ग्रोधदेवद्रुमा: पुन्नागाह्वकपित्थचोचबकुलाशोकासनाम्रस्तथा
दोलाचम्पकविल्वनिम्बखदिरामोघाग्निमन्थार्जुना:[iii]
Measurements of Droṇī
Droṇī should be made by keeping surface area level.
द्रोणिहस्तचतुष्कदीर्घ करमात्रव्यास तत्पादमात्रोद्यत् भित्तियुतो ढृढा समतला पादान्तरन्थ्राबहि:[iv]
Droṇī should be having 2 compartments
Traditional Droṇī
[i] Cha.Su 15/6
[ii] Cha. Su 15/7
[iii] Dhārā Kalpa 3
[iv] Dhārā Kalpa 4
The details regarding Dhārā Pātra is explained in Dhārā Kalpa as
स्वर्णाद्युत्त्मलोहजस्तु करको मृत्संभवो वा अत्र तत्
नालाग्रं तु कनिष्टकांगुलिपरिणाहोन्मितं रोगिण:
व्दिप्रस्थ: प्रमितो निधेय इति वा मध्यस्थरंध्रात् अधो
गच्चत् वर्तिरथोर्ध्वलंब्यपि घट: कार्य: शिर: सेचने [i]
धाराया: स्फ़टिकंसुवर्ण रजतप्लक्षादि पूर्वोक्त वृक्षायास्तु
ताम्रवराटिका प्रथितमृत्पात्रास्तु अतीवोत्तमा:
केचित् रोगि कनिष्टिकान्तविवरं शंसन्तिकेचित्तु वा
तत् पर्वोपमविस्तृतन्तु सुषिरं पात्रस्य मद्ध्येकृतम्
[i] Dhārā Kalpa 6
Basti Yantra comprises of Basti Netra and Basti Puṭaka
It is made up of
For preparing Basti Netra having three Karṇikā (ridges) the following materials are used: gold, silver, copper, bronze, cow’s horn, bones of animals and others.
Characteristics of Basti Netra
The circumference of the nozzle at the base and top should be the same as that of the thumb and little finger of the patient of that age respectively. It should be straight and tapering like the tail of a cow. The mouth of the nozzle should be smooth and globular. One ring should be fixed at the level of one fourth from the top, and two other rings should be fixed at the base in order to facilitate tying the mouth of the bladder around the nozzle
[i] A. H. Su 19/9
[ii] Cha. Si 3/7
[iii] A. H. Su 19/9
[iv] Cha. Si 3/9
जारद्गवो माहिषहारिणौ वा स्याच्छौकरो बस्तिरजस्य वाऽपि|
दृढस्तनुर्नष्टसिरो विगन्धः कषायरक्तः सुमृदुः सुशुद्धः |
नृणां वयो वीक्ष्य यथानुरूपं नेत्रेषु योज्यस्तु सुबद्धसूत्रः[i]
The urinary bladder of the animals such as buffalo, sheep, goat, cow etc. should be used to prepare Basti (the holder bag of Basti Dravya).
Features: Dṛḍha (strong), Tanu (thin), Naṣṭa Sirā (devoid of veins), Vigandha (devoid of odour), Kaṣāyarakta (saffron-red), Sumṛdu (soft), Suśuddha a (well cleaned), and Yathanurūpa (size accordingly).
[i] Cha. Si 3/ 10
NABH – National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Health care providers
Benefits for Patients
Benefits for Ayurveda Hospitals
Benefits for Hospital Staff
Benefits to Paying and Regulatory bodies
Accreditation Standards | Structural Standards |
• It is based on three components- structure, process and outcome.
| • It basically deals with infrastructural requirements to help the organisations to deliver quality of care. |
• These standards measure the quality and safety aspects of the care delivered to the patients.
| • A minimum bed strength of 10 beds is essential for an Hospital to be considered for the Accreditation Program |
Patient centered standards
| Organization Centered Standards
|
1) Access, Assessment and Continuity of Care 2) Care of Patient 3) Management of Medication 4) Patient Right and Education 5) Hospital Infection Control
| 6) Continuous Quality Improvement 7) Responsibility of Management 8) Facility Management and Safety 9) Human Resource Management 10) Information Management System |
· Massage table: 7×3 feet · Droni with stand: wooden or fibre 9×3 feet · Steam cabin with steam generator · Gas stove · Shirodara pot with stand · Shiravasti cap · Pressure cooker · Leech tank · Leeches for leech therapy · Instrument for agni karma · Vasti yantra · Disposable enema 200ml and 600ml capacity required as per daily use · Uttaravasti yantra
| · Emesis can · Chair · Refrigerator · Linen towels, bed sheets, blankets, thin clothes for various therapeutical preparations like kizhi etc. · Aprons, disposable under garments, disposable gloves required as per use. · Necessary vessels for various medical preparations · Stainless steel utensils of 2, 5, 8, 10 litre capacities · Spoons, jugs, storage vessels etc. as required. · Computer with printer
|
According to Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 of India “Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biologicals.
Biomedical wastes can be in both solid and liquid forms. Examples of biomedical wastes include:
Biomedical wastes are distinct from regular garbage and require particular disposal and treatment.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized biomedical waste into eight categories. They are:
Further, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPBC) has designated separate colour-coded bins to dispose of biomedical wastes as per their nature.
The wastes in each of the bins have different treatment and disposal methods.
Exposure to hazardous biomedical waste can cause disease or injury to human health. HIV, hepatitis B, and C are the three most commonly spread viruses worldwide due to improper treatment of medical wastes. They are transmitted through injuries from contaminated syringes and needles.
Doctors, nurses, and sanitation workers are amongst the most vulnerable to the harmful effects of biomedical waste.
The hospital waste like body parts, organs, tissues, blood and body fluids along with soiled linen, cotton, bandage and plaster casts from infected and contaminated areas are very essential to be properly collected, segregated, stored, transported, treated and disposed of in safe manner to prevent nosocomial or hospital acquired infection.
This is a high temperature thermal process employing combustion of the waste under controlled condition for converting them into inert material and gases. Incinerators can be oil fired or electrically powered or a combination thereof. Broadly, three types of incinerators are used for hospital waste: multiple hearth type, rotary kiln and controlled air types. All the types can have primary and secondary combustion chambers to ensure optimal combustion. These are refractory lined.
Non-incineration treatment includes four basic processes: thermal, chemical, irradiative, and biological. The majority of non-incineration technologies employ the thermal and chemical processes. The main purpose of the treatment technology is to decontaminate waste by destroying pathogens. Facilities should make certain that the technology could meet state criteria for disinfection.
In the first type (Gravity type), air is evacuated with the help of gravity alone. The system operates with temperature of 121 deg. C. and steam pressure of15 psi. for 60-90 minutes. Vacuum pumps are used to evacuate air from the Pre vacuum autoclave system so that the time cycle is reduced to 30-60 minutes. It operates at about 132 deg. C. Retort type autoclaves are designed much higher steam temperature and pressure. Autoclave treatment has been recommended for microbiology and biotechnology waste, waste sharps, soiled and solid wastes. This technology renders certain categories (mentioned in the rules) of bio-medical waste innocuous and unrecognizable so that the treated residue can be land filled.